It is common that the avoidance of a contract terminates and renders all provisions, terms and conditions of the contract. Are there any terms or provisions which are not affected by termination? By using the descriptive-analytical and comparative methods, this article aims to ascertain these independent terms which are valid, even though the termination of the contract occures. Some of these terms, such as confidentiality, are valid and apply, irrespective of making a contract. On the basis of intention of parties, law and usages, termination does not affect contract terms relating to dispute resolution. Nor do those terms that were intended to take effect even in the case of termination, such as confidentiality clause. Those terms are independently valid in spite of the invalidity, termination or avoidance of the main contract. Principles of European Contract Law, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG; the Vienna Convention) indicate such valid provisions. Despite the lack of any provision in Iranian Civil Code, such a provision infers and implies under Iranian Civil Law.

In contracts, it is sometimes stipulated that if the obligee fails to fulfill their commitment within the specified time, they will not receive the contractual consideration. This type of condition, known as a "condition encompassing the consideration," may disrupt the balance of the exchanged considerations and the usual state of reciprocity, leading to questions about its permissibility. There is no specific legal provision addressing this condition, necessitating reliance on general principles. One type of invalidating condition is one that contradicts the essential nature of the contract. In some legal literature and judicial opinions, the condition encompassing the consideration has been deemed void (batil), and judges have been granted the right to adjust the contract. This article, using an analytical-descriptive approach, aims to introduce and critique this theory and demonstrate that if the condition encompassing the consideration exists at the contract's formation stage, it invalidates the contract. However, if the encompassing occurs after the contract’s formation due to one party's breach, it does not affect the pre-existing contract.

Background and Objective: The issue of marital infidelity in Iranian society is a growing concern which is accompanied to unsustainable relationships and high divorce rates. The present study aimed to study the psychometric properties of the Persian version of marital infidelity questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-psychometric research in which 400 university students of AzarbaiijanShahidMadani University were selected by stratified random sampling method and were studied. The data were analyzed using a confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (analysis of main components with varimax rotation), multivariate analysis of variance. Results: analysis of factors were performed using the internal consistency method as well as re-test for the reliability of the present questionnaire. For validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was used, results suggested consistent and accurate relationship between the components of this questionnaire. The internal consistency of questionnaires by Cronbach's alpha for the components including legitimacy, seduction, normalization, sexual orientation, social context, and excitement were 0. 79, 0. 75, 0. 54, 0. 79, 0. 71, 0. 79 respectively and for the whole questionnaire was0. 91. The reliability was calculated obtained by two-half method for all scales as 0. 81(r=0. 81) Conclusion: In sum, the results of the research confirmed validity of the Persian form of the Marital Infidelity Questionnaire, which indicates that Marital Infidelity Questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument as well as it can be used in clinical and research setting. Therefore, the current questionnaire has an appropriate reliability and validity for using by researchers and specialists.

Monitoring and evaluation of transformers are essential to prevent their insulation failure. In this paper, the use of 2-furan-carboxaldehyde (2-FAL) and methanol (MeOH) concentrations as the main products of paper insulation degradation, and insulation condition markers, has been studied. In order to study the degradation process and production of degradation products, the thermal aging process of the transformer insulation system was implemented in laboratory conditions. The results of laboratory studies show that in the early stages of degradation the amount of MeOH is significant compared to 2-FAL. Also, the estimation of the degree of polymerization (DP) in the early stages of degradation (DP>800) through MeOH concentration and with decreasing DP (DP <800) through 2-FAL concentration is closer to the real value. The results of studies performed on 35 distribution transformers confirm the production of significant amounts of MeOH in the early stages of degradation. Also, the estimated DP values for the studied transformers were obtained through 2-FAL and MeOH concentration. The results show that estimating the amount of DP through MeOH concentration is associated with a probability of error of about 9% compared to estimating DP through 2-FAL concentration.

Intermediate quantifiers are expressions of natural language, for example “most, almost all, many, a few” using which we quantify a number of some objects in a given universe. We have shown in [23] that all valid syllogisms with intermediate  quantifiers are a consequence of only two algebraic inequalities and one equality. The result was obtained in the formalism  of Lukasiewicz fuzzy type theory whose truth values form a linearly ordered complete MV-algebra. In this paper we will  prove that the same holds if we replace MV-algebra by a much more general IEQ-algebra (involutive EQ-algebra).

Objective: Delivering bad news is the duty of specialist physicians. However, they find it very difficult due to insufficient experience. In this study, the way faculty and residents of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) delivered bad news to the patients was investigated. Method: This study was conducted at hospitals affiliated to GUMS during 2017. A questionnaire containing 18 items on environmental and psychical support was filled through a face to face interview. The first 10 questions evaluated psychical support and the next eight environmental supports. The scoring of each question ranged from 10 to 50, with 10 indicating “ never” and 50 “ always” . Results: According to the analysis of 235 questionnaires, only 32 (13. 6%) of the participants had been taught to deliver bad news and 195(83%) felt they need educational courses. Also, 40 (17%) believed that they had enough ability to deliver these massages. No significant differences were observed among physicians who had taken teaching courses in breaking bad news to patients. Conclusion: This study revealed that educational courses to improve physicians’ communication skill to break bad news to patients are strongly warranted.